Ethics & defined Essay Example for Free

Ethics defined EssayEthics is comm save defined as the rules or standards governance the conduct of people. sex is the social dimension of being masculine or female. Most people acquired gender identity by the age of three. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread gird conflict between political communities. No nation can be expected to wage state of fight with one hand tied behind its back, but honorable issues of most profound nature be raised anytime. Once the actuality of possibility of struggle becomes the scene within which we live, men and women atomic number 18 forced into set roles. Gender serves as a medium or vector for wars presence in our innermost social settings. This essay will discuss these ethical issues in war and their link to gender. Discrimination is one of the ethical issues in war. Women beat invariably participated to some extent in combat, but several recent wars have seen them competitiveness on the front lines. While the roles of female ex-combatants vary widely the women expect to share one unfortunate characteristic, limited access to benefits when peace and demobilisation come. This is also true for girls abducted for sexual services and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving alliance.These assemblys are often overleap during mobilisation and reintegration or at best women, girls, and boys may receive equal benefits but are treated as a homogenous group which prevents proper(postnominal) needs being addressed. (Goldstein, 2001 pg207-212) Sexual violence especially on women especially rape has its own brand of shame to recent wars. From conflicts in Bosnia, Peru and Rwanda women have been singled come to the fore for rape, imprisonment, torture and execution. Systematic rape is often used as a weapon of ethnic cleansing.More than 20, 000 Muslim girls and women have been raped in Bosnia since fighting began in 1992. Impregnated girls have been forced to bear the enemys child . (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg12) Sexual violence of women erodes the fabric of community in a way that few weapons can. forays damage can be devastate because of strong communal reaction to the violation and pain stamped on entire families. The harm inflicted in such cases in a woman by a rapist is an attack on her family and elaboration, as in many societies women are viewed as repositories of a communitys cultural and spiritual values.(UN, 2005 pg8) In addition to rape, girls and women are also subject to forced prostitution and trafficking during times of war sometimes with complicity of governments and military authorities. During military man War II, women were abducted, imprisoned and forced to satisfy the sexual needs of occupying forces and many Asian women were also involved in prostitution during the Vietnam War. The trend continues in like a shots conflicts. Nearly 80 percent of the 53 million people displaced by wars today are women and children.Refugee families f requently cite rape as the signalize factor influencing in their decision to seek refuge. (Alison, 2007pg78-83) The high risk of inflection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, accompanies all sexual violence against women and girls. The movement of refugees and predaceous military units and the breakdown of health services and public education worsen the impact of diseases and chances for treatment. The exchange of sex for protection during the civil war in Uganda in the 1980s was a contributing factor to the commonwealths high rate of AIDS.(UN, 2005 pg131) Women suffer a double victimisation, in that they were compelled against their will to join the armed forces and today they are victimised by society for having played a combative role in the conflict. They are treated with hostility suspicion for breaching both gender and sex roles. These women are largely excluded from disarmament and reintegration programmes of Sierra Leones peace process which favour men and boys. This especially occurs in Sierra Leone. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg7) Men and boys are also victims of gender based sexual violence during war.Women are raped as a way to humiliate the men they are related to, who are often forced to watch the assault. In societies where ethnicity is inherited through the male line, enemy women are raped and forced to bear children. Sexual violation of children has devastating effects. The experience of captivity and sexual destroys a girls sense of home and security, of self worth and power of the possibility of safe interpersonal relation send outs, thence of any future at all. Men tend to greatly underreport experiences of sexual violence. They may have doubts about their sexuality and fear infertility.(Carpenter, 2003 pg 661-694) A war is only just if it is fought for a good reason. A country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that there is a just cause for doing so. clean war theory is the most influential perspect ive on ethics of war and peace. For a war to be just there must be a just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, proper authority and public declaration, a last resort, probability of success, and proportionality. Pacifism is also an ethical issue in war. Pacifism rejects war in favour of peace.It is not violence in all its forms that the most challenging kind of pacifism objects to rather is the specific kind and degree of violence that wars involves which the pacifists objects to. They object to killing in general and particular mass killing for political reasons, which is part and parcel of the war time experience. Most women are generally pacifists as compared to males. People are pacifists for one or some of these reasons religious faith, non-religious belief in the sanctity of look and practical belief that war is wasteful and ineffective.Pacifism cannot be national policy as it only works when no one wants to attack your country or if the nation wi th whom you are in dispute is also committed to pacifism. Because most societies regard going to war as fulfilling a citizens ethical duty, they abide by those who give their lives in war. If there is believe in war governed by ethics we should only honour those who give their lives in a just war and who followed the rules of war. It should be wrong to honour dead soldiers who killed the enemy or wounded or raped enemy women. (Harris and King, 1989 pg78)(Goldstein 2001) defines war as lethal inter group violence and feminism as an ideology opposing male domination and promoting gender equality. Cross cultural consistency of gender wars is pervasive and not universal. Women have fought in wars but are portrayed as exceptions to the gender rule that men are warriors. Gender animadversion from combat is by policy prime(a) not by physical ability, women can and do fight. There is no support for arguments regarding predisposition to aggression and little support for the hypothesised l ink between testosterone and aggression.Gender is portrayed as a weapon to humiliate a military opponent or to discredit peace activism and political dissent from military policy. A recent example is, Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfields remark about media mood swings in regard to criticism of the war in Iraqi, a course credit clearly intended to evoke the archetype of the irrational menstrual/menopausal women. Rape in war as well as military homophobia underlies exclusion of policies aimed at sexual minorities. Neither men nor women benefit from war at the expense of the other, both genders lose in war.Neither genetics per se, nor hormones (males or female) nor male bonding nor womens innate pacifism explain gendered war roles. (Suzzane, 2002 Pg 407). The interdependence between war and gender is obscure. However it is clear that it is not soldiers who make war but societies that make war. War does not happen without womens knowledge cooperation, and participation, however few o r many actually take up arm and engage in battle. War is based on a dominatory approach to relationships in which the usual overriding aim is to get the better of or drown the other who is framed as an opponent or competitor.Gender as we know it, which positions men as dominant and characterises them as aggressive and heroic, is fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is an expression. The human resources of moral sensibility and decency have been buried or seriously depleted. The impetus towards peace that is so necessary in expiration of violence conflict is diminished by the discouragement of half the population from active participation. A gendered perspective of human security enables a more travel understanding of the perspectives of those involved in conflict including victims perpetrators and decision makers.(Zeigler and Gilbert, 2006)ReferencesAlison, M. (2007) Wartime Sexual hysteria Womens human rights and questions of masculinity, Review of Internation al Studies Pg 75-90 Carpenter, R. C, Women and Children First gender norms and humanitarian emptying in the Balkans, International Organization 5, 7, 4, 2003, Pg 661-694 Cohn, C Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals, Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 1987 Pg 687-78 NO1101 Harris, A and King, Y (eds) Rocking the ship of state Towards a feminist peace politics, Bovider, C.O West view press 1989. Human Rights Watch (HRW) 2000 Rape as a weapon of heathenish cleansing HRW, March 1. Jousha S. Goldstein (2001) War and Gender How Gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press Pg 201-213. Moser N, and Clark F (eds), victims, Perpetrators or Actors Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence capital of the United Kingdom Zed Books 2001, V. 64. Nashim A Journal of Jewish Womens studies Gender Issues. Rosemarie Skaing (1999) Women at War Gender issues of Americans in combat McFarland and Company North Carolina and LondonSymposium on war and Gender, (2003 ) (Reviews of Goldsteins Book) Perspectives on policies, 1, 2, 330-347 The state of Worlds Children 1996. UNICEF United Nations (2005) Africa Renewal Sexual Violence, an invisible war crime Warren, J and Cady, L (1994) Feminism and Peace Seeing connections Hypatia special Issue on Feminism and peace Pg 7-14. HQ1101. World Bank (2002) Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs, Africa Region working(a) Paper Series 33 Zeigler, S and Gilbert, G (2006) The Gendered Dimensions of Conflicts Aftermath A