How to Interject Using Bueno in Spanish

Bueno is one of the first adjectives that many people learn when studying Spanish. It can refer to almost anything that can be described as good, sometimes having specific meanings such as personable, kind and suitable. The word  bueno can function as an exclamation of emotion, too.   Bueno Used as an Interjection Although mostly used as a descriptor, bueno can also be used as an interjection, like an exclamatory emotional expression, often in the way, the words such as good, well and OK can be used in English. In some areas, native speakers use it frequently as an interjection, while in other regions bueno is used mostly as an adjective. Interjection Indicating Agreement Bueno can be used as an interjection meaning, OK, sure or fine, as in agreeing with someone or something. Spanish Sentence English Translation  ¿Quisieras una taza de cafà ©? [Response] Bueno. Would you like a cup of coffee? [Response] OK. Vamos a estudiar en la biblioteca. [Response] Bueno. We're going to study in the library. [Response] Sure. Creo que serà ­a mejor ir al restaurante francà ©s. [Response] Bueno, vayamos. I think it'd be better to go to the French restaurant. [Response] Ok, fine, let's go. Interjection Indicating Sufficiency Bueno can be used as an interjection meaning thats good, or thats enough.  For example, if someone is pouring you a drink, you could say bueno  to indicate that you have received enough. Another interjection used to indicate thats enough, is basta ya. Bueno Used as a Filler Word Bueno can sometimes be inserted in speech to somewhat downplay the importance of what has been said or what will be said. When bueno  is used in this way, it can function like a  filler word.  The translation can vary considerably depending on context.   Spanish Sentence English Translation Bueno, lo que pasà ³, pasà ³. OK then, what happened, happened. Bueno, de todas formas verà © quà © pasa unas cuantas veces mà ¡s. Well, in any case I'll see what happens a few more times. Bueno, puede que sà ­ o puede que no. Yeah, maybe or maybe not. Bueno, pues, mira. Well, then, look. Greeting Answering a Telephone Bueno can be used as a greeting to answer the telephone, mostly in Mexico.  Other greetings are common in other countries like  Ã‚ ¿alà ³?,  diga,  dà ­game, and  sà ­.

Effects Of Short Term Cognitive Training On Episodic...

The Effects of Short Term Cognitive Training on Episodic Memory and Executive Functioning in Healthy Seniors As humans begin to get older, there is a strong association between age change and the decline of cognition. This a concern that many individuals have as they start to get older, especially with the media coverage that Alzheimer’s disease has been getting. There are many causes of this decline, and it often varies highly between individuals based on their lifestyle and physical activity level (Brown AK, Liu-Ambrose T, Tate R, Lord SR, 2009). Degenerate diseases such as Alzheimer’s can also be a major cause of cognitive decline and are common in elderly populations. There are many who are looking to improve or maintain their cognitive abilities or those of a loved one, as there is an expectation that even in old age, one should be as physically and mentally fit as they can be. The human brain is very adaptive and has the capability to improve functioning even if i t has been impaired (Vas, A. K., Spence, J., Chapman, S. B. ,2015). I am looking to see if cognitive training can improve these basic brain functions in the elderly. This study will look to find a way to decrease the consequences of cognitive decline that is either premature or more severe than the natural decline of mental capacity. These benefits could also apply to the prevention of cognitive decline in younger individuals. I will utilize the gist and cognitive function measuring techniques of Vas,Show MoreRelatedThe Human Brain : A Strong Association Between Age Change And The Decline Of Cognition1711 Words   |  7 PagesDegenerate diseases such as Alzheimer’s can also be a major cause of cognitive decline and are common in elderly populations. Because of this risk, there are many who are looking to improve or maintain their cognitive abilities or those of a loved one, as there is an expectation that even in old age, one should be as physically and mentally fit as they can be. The human brain is very adaptable and has the capability to improve functioning even if it has been impaired (Vas, A. K., Spence, J., ChapmanRead MoreResults And Selection Of Study Selection Process Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-action video games, exergames, online game suites, exercise programs used on iPads, and cognitive training programs. Furthermore, the frequency of the interventions ranged from 3 to 24 weeks, and lasted 20 to 90 minutes per session. The outcome measures used included attention, processing speed, working and episodic memory, executive functioning, reaction time, balance, functional ability, and physical functioning. 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(Cowan, J. 1999) Memory plays a crucial role in everyday life. It enables one to effectively perform complex tasks such as the ability to reason and solve new problems independently on a daily basis. Working memory is limited in capacity and sensitive to interruptions. â€Å"Without memory, our awareness would be confined to an external present and our lives would be virtually de voidRead MoreCognitive Resilience in Adulthood9822 Words   |  40 Pages * Turn on search term navigationTurn on search term navigation * Jump to first hit Headnote ABSTRACT A resilience framework for understanding cognitive aging implies a search for factors that buffer against existing risk, enabling one to thrive in what might otherwise be adverse circumstances. 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Pork Barrel Free Essays

Pork barrel literally takes the meaning of setting apart budgets, which initially were taken from the people’s money, for the realization of the proposed development projects of the members of the Congress of the Philippines. It usually is intended to benefit a group of citizens of a certain politician in return of their political support, which were either in the form of campaigning or in the voting process. To have these purposes be done neatly is a challenge for every politician. We will write a custom essay sample on Pork Barrel or any similar topic only for you Order Now The temptation gets the otter of them at times, and this heads into the downside of having a pork barrel. Normally, in the English language, either addition or omission of words or letters always brings about another meaning into a word/group of words. Just like when pork barrel and scam meets halfway, its result you would never want to hear. But if every politician Just works with conscience, then we won’t have any fear in mind regarding the collision of the words. But if otherwise, then it would not produce good feedbacks from the people. The Idea of whether or not to abolish the pork barrel is too hard to decide. But if I were to, I would have chosen not to take it away from the system of government. Yes, I may have stated downfalls In some parts of this essay, but I have a larger picture captured in mind. The outcome of abolishing this system I would always fear. What would happen to the Filipino people if the pork barrel for the betterment of the nation Is abolished? Every people must remember this system had its ups In terms of building roads and bridges, program for farmers, scholarships or deserving people, among others. Now, if the pork barrel Is to be scrapped, then It should be a challenge to the government to ensure that those who benefit from the program will not be affected. And that Is exactly what would happen If It Is abolished, there will be no guarantee that these people will continue their education and receive other significant assistance. Thus, the solution for It shall not be termination, but to have a greater commitment and accountability In Its utilization. How to cite Pork Barrel, Papers Pork Barrel Free Essays A cure, a treat, an alliance, a devastation or just a play. What do we really know about that so called Pork Barrel? All nation introduce to there governance the power of pork barrel stating that it’s a program serving righteous benefits for the society that concentrates on the people’s cost. But as a result of what they said Pork Barrel, I, you, we can’t see a single glimpse of faith brought by them. We will write a custom essay sample on Pork Barrel or any similar topic only for you Order Now How can we say were free when we know that our hands and feet are tightly chained, how can we say were free when we know that were controlled by our very own governance who have no pardon for any citizens that relives faith in there own way. Why do Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, Eastern and Central Europe stated that they walk in on the path of righteousness, do that show that we have a bunch of prod, foolish and culprits in our public officials. It’s stated that the government is our government so how the government is working to help people over come complex problem if there the one who giving them and courses them in the path of lies and faults. A very good example is The Intriguing Controversy of the Year, The Pork Barrel Scam of Mrs. Janet Lim Napoles whom to be the brains of the lost of more than 10 Billion pesos in the funding of the Nation. And not only she is involve there’s still senators and congressman involve, how can they hold on trough this even then there are peoples supporting and trusting them all the way. Upon all happenings, evidence and controversies Mrs. Janet Lim Napoles can be voted not guilty, what is this happenings do our government just playing and fooling around to this crisis. Majority of the people is grieving for the lost wealth and opportunities just imagine all that money can do, it can feed million of people, can give hundred of thousand opportunities, can build off thousands of houses, can heal hundreds of illnesses, and help our only one nation from devastation. Now knowing these possibilities that can do so much, who can upholds this kind of cruel and unjustified act. After they say it’s for our own good how come they manage to control everything? How can we make an act if they have all the choices in life? But then I manage to conquer that after all that mischief I still need to thanks Mrs. Janet Lim Napoles not because of her cruelty and unjustified act people in the world won’t know the alliance and power of the whole Filipino people by means of the abuse of one. Now this day we should do what we know is right and stand on our two very own feet, we should know the path of what is fair and what is not because in the end were still humans and we can’t do every thing. So now a question will be leaven â€Å"Should you fight for what is right or stay on what you know is vogue? † How to cite Pork Barrel, Papers

Role of Extremists Sample Essay Example For Students

Role of Extremists Sample Essay During the 1916 Congress session at Lucknow two major events occurred. The divided Congress became united. An apprehension for joint action against the British was reached between the Congress and the Muslim League and it was called the Lucknow Pact. The sign language of the Lucknow Pact by the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916 marked an of import measure in the Hindu-Muslim integrity. The Home Rule Movement ( 1916 ) Two Home Rule Leagues were established. one by B. G. Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and the other by Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. The purpose of the Movement was to acquire selfgovernment for India within the British Empire. It believed freedom was the natural right of all states. Furthermore. the leaders of the Home Movement thought that India’s resources were non being used for her demands. The two Leagues cooperated with each other every bit good with the Congress and the Muslim League in seting their demand for place regulation. While Tilak’s Movement concentrated on Maharashtra. Annie Besant’s Movement covered the remainder of the state. The Home Rule Movement had brought a new life in the national motion. There was a resurgence of Swadeshi. Women joined in larger Numberss. On 20 August 1917. Montague. the Secretary of State in England. made a declaration in the Parliament of England on British Government’s policy towards future political reforms in India. He promised the gradual development of autonomous establishments in India. This August Declaration led to the terminal of the Home Rule Movement. Revolutionary Motions In the first half of the twentieth century. radical groups sprang up chiefly in Bengal. Maharashtra. Punjab and Madras. The revolutionists were non satisfied with the methods of both the centrists and extremists. Hence. they started many radical secret organisations. In Bengal Anusilan Samiti and Jugantar were established. In Maharashtra Savarkar brothers had set up Abhinava Bharat. In the Madras Presidency. Bharathmatha Association was started by Nilakanta Bramachari. In Punjab Ajit Singh set up a secret society to distribute radical thoughts among the young person. In London. at India House. Shyamji Krishna Verma gathered immature Indian patriots like Madan Lal Dhingra. Savarkar. V. V. S. Iyer and T. S. S. Rajan. Lala Hardyal set up the ‘Ghadar Party’ in USA to organize radical activities from outside India. Indian National Movement ( 1905 – 1916 ) The period from 1905 was known as the epoch of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The extremists or the aggressive patriots believed that success could be achieved through bold agencies. The of import extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai. Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Causes for the Rise of Extremism The failure of the Moderates to win any noteworthy success other than the enlargement of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act ( 1892 ) . The dearth and pestilence of 1896-97 which affected the whole state and the agony of the multitudes. The economic conditions of the people became worse. The maltreatment of Indians in South Africa on the footing of coloring material of tegument. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904 – 05 in which Japan defeated the European power Russia. This encouraged Indians to contend against the European state. Britain. The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionist regulation of Lord Curzon: He passed the Calcutta Corporation Act. ( 1899 ) cut downing the Indian control of this local organic structure. The Universities Act ( 1904 ) reduced the elective members in the University organic structures. It besides reduced the liberty of the universities and made them authorities sections. The Sedition Act and the Official Secrets Ac t reduced the freedoms of all people. His worst step was the Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) . .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .postImageUrl , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:hover , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:visited , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:active { border:0!important; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:active , .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6510773b7dce46ada0878de85c8c378b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Logic and the Meaning of Life EssayMain Objective of Extremists Their chief aim was to achieve Swaraj or complete independency and non merely self-determination. Methods of the Extremists The Extremists had no religion in the British sense of justness and just drama. They pointed out the forceful agencies by which the British had taken control of India. They believed that political rights will hold to be fought for. They had the spirit of autonomy and self finding. The methods used by the extremists were: Not collaborating with the British Government by boycotting authorities tribunals. schools and colleges. Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.Introduction and publicity of national instruction. Leaderships of the Extremists Bal Gangadhar TilakThe extremists were led by Bala Gangadhar Tilak. Lala Lajpat Rai. Bipinchandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Swaraj is my birth-right and I will hold it. Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as the existent laminitis of the popular anti-British motion in India. He was known as ‘Lokamanya’ . He attacked the British through his weeklies The Mahratta and the Kesari. He was jailed twice by the British for his nationalist activities and in 1908 deported to Mandalay for six old ages. He set up the Home Rule League in 1916 at Poona and declared â€Å"Swaraj is my birth-right and I will hold it† . Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’ . He played an of import function in the Swadeshi Movement. He founded the Indian Home Rule League in the US in 1916. He was deported to Mandalay on the land of sedition. He received fatalLala Lajpat Rai hurts while taking a emanation against the Simon Commission and died on November 17. 1928. Bipan Chandra Pal began his calling as a moderate and turned an extremist. He played an of import function in the Swadeshi Movement. He preached patriotism through the nook and corner of Indian by his powerful addresss and Hagiographas. Aurobinda Ghosh was another radical leader and he actively participated in the Swadeshi Movement. He was besides imprisoned. After his release he settled in the Gallic district of Pondicherry and concentrated on religious activities. Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism The divider of Bengal in 1905 provided a flicker for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement. Curzon’s existent motivations wereAurobinda Ghosh To interrupt the turning strength of Bengali patriotism since Bengal was the base of Indian patriotism. To split the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal. To demo the tremendous power of the British Government in making whatever it liked. On the same twenty-four hours when the divider came into consequence. 16 October 1905. the people of Bengal organised protest meetings and observed a twenty-four hours of mourning. The whole political life of Bengal underwent a alteration. Dadabhai NaorojiGandhi wrote that the existent waking up in India took topographic point merely after the Partition of Bengal. The anti-partition motion culminated into the Swadeshi Movement and spread to other parts of India. The aggressive patriots forced Dadabhai Naoroji to talk of Swaraj ( which was non a Moderate demand ) in the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1906. They adopted the declarations of Boycott and Swadeshi. The Moderate Congressmans were unhappy. They wanted Swaraj to be achieved through constitutional methods. The differences led to a split in the Congress at the Surat session in 1907. This is popularly known as the celebrated Surat Split. The extremists came out of the Congress led by Tilak and others. Swadeshi Movement The Swadeshi Movement involved programmes like the boycott of authorities service. tribunals. schools and colleges and of foreign goods. publicity of Swadeshi goods. Promotion of National Education through the constitution of national schools and colleges. It was both a political and economic motion. The Swadeshi Movement was a great success. In Bengal. even the landlords joined the motion. The adult females and pupils took to picketing. Students refused utilizing books made of foreign paper. The authorities adopted several tough steps. It passed several Acts to oppress the motion. .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .postImageUrl , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:hover , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:visited , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:active { border:0!important; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:active , .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02 .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97ee9b490025839c63ebbc4403457f02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marcel Gross EssayThe Swadeshi voluntaries were beaten severely. The call of Vande Mataram was forbidden. Schools and colleges were warned non to let their pupils to take portion in the motion or else their. assistance would be stopped. Some Indian authorities employees lost their occupations. Extremist leaders Bala Gangadhar Tilak. Lala Lajpat Rai. Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh were imprisoned and deported. Accomplishments of Extremists The accomplishments of extremists can be summed up as follows: They were the first to demand Swaraj as a affair of birth right. They involved the multitudes in the freedom battle and broadened the societal base of the National Movement. They were the first to form an all-India political motion. viz. the Swadeshi Movement. Formation of the Muslim League ( 1906 ) In December 1906. Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational Conference. Taking advantage of this juncture. Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the puting up of an administration to look after the Muslim involvements. The proposal was accepted. The All-India Muslim League was eventually set up on December 30. 1906. Like the Indian National Congress. they conducted one-year Sessionss and set their demands to the British authorities. Initially. they enjoyed the support of the British. Their first accomplishment was the separate electorates for the Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms.

Marvin Hugley Jr. Essays (2231 words) - Poetry, Literature

Marvin Hugley Jr. Tim Welch English 102 5/22/17 Title: Robert Frost "The unexamined life is not worth living"," Know thyself"The great philosopher Socrates stated these ideas and made it his duty to fulfill his own reasoning. He knew that as human beings, we are a complex system of nature's product that is still very enigmatic to ourselves. Thus, to fully comprehend oneself as an individual, one must look inward and seek the cause and function of one's own natural condition. Many methods are effective in one's search, and this fact holds evident to our own differences, some use social interaction as a form of investigation, while others may find solitary confinement as a more productive approach. Through my own personal path to clarity and understanding, it has proved invaluable to myself that the reading of literature and poetry has a profound effect upon fulfillment. By associating oneself into the thoughts and theories of the writer, one can gain an insight into their personal condition. Robert Frost includes much thought and examples into his own behavior as well as others. Through the analysis of Robert Frost's poetry, one attains an insight into oneself, and a deeper perspective of the human condition. Poems such as "The Death of a Hired Man", "The Road Not Taken", and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" all are incorporated with his thoughts of the natural human condition, and delve into his own definitive bearing.Poetry, he wrote, was "one step backward taken," resisting time-a "momentary stay against confusion."(Baym 1116) The confusion that Frost recalls is the chaos that is included in the search for oneself, and poetry to him was an elapse from the confusion. Itgave him comfort to read and write of his thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, and analyze them in a humanistic nature that many could relate to and enjoy. In the 1930s when writers tended to be political activists, he was one whose old-fashioned values were inappropriate, even dangerous, in modern times. Frost deeply resented this criticism, and responded wit h a new hortatory, didactic kind of poetry. (Baym1116) This style of poetry created an atmosphere that urged the reader to generate perception into the moral subject and envision the meaning behind them. Frost shared with Thoreau and Emerson the belief that everybody is a separate individuality and that collective enterprise could do nothing but weaken the self. (Baym 1116) This theory that Frost shared with the famous transcendentalists conveys that he was a firm believer that one's freedom of others is essential the development for the further understanding of oneself. To many transcendentalists, the pure act of coexisting within nature as an entity, creates a sense of closeness and spirituality within the human mind that is open to hear it. Frost opens the eyes of many to the griefs of country life in "Death of a Hired Man", where he explores the humanistic conditions of belongings, empathy, intolerance, and dignity. Mary and Warren's farm was Silas' only place to call home, where he knew he would always be accepted even if he weren't welcome. Home is the place where, when you have to go there, they have to take you in. (Frost 1122) This was home for Silas, even if his rich brother lived thirteen miles away, who was a "somebody", Silas wouldn't be made ashamed to please his brother. This powerful and sound dignity stressed by Frost, exemplifies his stern belief to uphold one's own pride in oneself. Also, Silas wanted to return with one other wish than to ditch the meadow, he told Mary that he wants to teach Harold, to pass on his one true talent. The human need of belongingness isvery evident within Silas as he hopes to pass on his skill and teach his wisdom to others, to belong and to have something to belong in. He t hinks that if he could teach him that, he'd be some good perhaps to someone in the world. (Frost 1122) Silas wanted to have a last hope for himself, to save his last self-respect. Silas is a character that Frost uses very well to convey his personal ideals of the effect that belongingness has on deprived humans.Another character that Frost portrays to the reader as certain

HBC Georges T-shirts Example

HBC Georges T HBC Georges T Darden Business Article 10thOctober George’s T-Shirts George Lassiter is said to be a project engineer. He is also managing an interesting sidebusiness on behalf of designing and manufacturing variety of T-Shirts for different occasions. It could be for the purpose of fund-raising or a special even like a musical concert for a renowned music artist. However, these T-shirts were not allowed to be sold with the boundaries of the arenas, where the events like concerts will be held. Furthermore, the T-shirts are perfectly designed and manufactured as well. They are also well priced and sold in the surrounding streets associated with arenas such as parking lots, etc. For this purpose, George obtained proper license from the local authorities to sell T-shirts in the local surroundings. Problem IdentificationIn this particular case of George’s T-Shirt, we have analyzed that George don’t have any proper track record in regards to past data, so he can perform the analysis or you can say forecast the future sales on behalf of his T-Shirts. He is not very realistic in terms of identification of number of T-Shirts to be sold. You can say that he doesn’t have the exact information in regards to how many people will be attending the concert, so he can manufacture the required number of T-shirts on the basis of certain percentage, which he has taken around 10% of overall total. If there will be 75,000 people attending the concert, then on the basis of above mentioned percentage, there will be 7,500 T-shirts will be sold. Solution to the George’s Problem According to the 2000 book, On Target: The book on Marketing Plans, by Berry, Tim and Wilson, Dough â€Å"when you have previous data to call on, so you can use it, further you can compare your forecast data with the past results, and look to the past as a reality check. You can understand what is changing, why, and what may remain the same. Basically, a forecast-to-past comparison is said t o be a quick practical and very powerful analysis as well.†In conclusion, I would say that one should have properly maintained past data, so it can be compared with the forecasted values. You can easily derive your desired values by doing such analysis. Berry Tim, Wilson, Dough. "On Target: The book of Marketing Plans." Eugene. Palo Alto Software Publications, (2000): 70. Document.

Design and construction of a prestressed concrete tank Literature review

Design and construction of a prestressed concrete tank - Literature review Example The principle behind the prestressed concrete tank is that the compressive stresses induced by the high-strength steel tendons inside a concrete member prior to the loads being applied will balance tensile stresses inflicted in the member during the service. It`s recognized that prestressing eliminates several design limitations and conventional concrete places on load and span and allows the building of roofs, bridges floors, and walls with elongated unsupported spans. With this in mind, architects and engineers design as well as build lighter concrete tanks without sacrificing strength. This principle behind prestressing in concrete tank can be illustrated in a row of books being moved from one place to another. Instead of vertically stacking the books and carrying them, they may perhaps be shifted in horizontal position by putting pressure to the books right at the end of row. Whenever sufficient pressure is applied, the compressive stresses are induced all over the entire row, an d so the whole row can always be carried and lifted horizontally at once. This principle has been applied to the design and construction of concrete tank. Concrete water tanks are broadly used in today’s society as a results of the endless need to have potable water easily accessible. Concrete water tanks are used for several purposes such as the storage of potable water, rain water harvesting and even for agriculture irrigation. They are comparatively easy to construct and they have numerous advantages compared to other tanks of different materials such as plastic or steel. Concrete tanks have bigger life spans, they can always be built bigger compared to their counterparts, they don’t taint water and besides, they can always be buried underground. Having a concrete tanks buried underground performs an aesthetic purpose and a practical one since it keeps the water cool. Consequently, the tank will have much less algae growth. A lesser algae growth implies fewer pump p roblems. Normally potable water tanks are built with prestressed concrete for purposes of durability and water tightness. Literature review As with all sorts of liquid-retaining constructions the fundamental problem of the design is not simply one of securely supporting the load, but is of creating a form that stays liquid-tight under service conditions. Consequently, leakage where it occurs happens more regularly from defects in detail and/or workmanship than from direct result of an inadequate design. In the prestressed cylindrical concrete tank, the enclosed liquid stimulates ring tension in horizontal section and also generally some bending in vertical section. Vertical and Horizontal stressing are applied as obligatory to offset these effects. In a form of this kind, they have the advantage that the central concrete shell is exposed to minimum situations of stress under complete load from the enclosed liquid. The base of the calculations for structures of this sort is simple. H owever, the application results, in practice, to possible disparity in interpretation. The provided degree of restraint at the wall foot possesses a controlling effect on the allocation of stress in the tank wall. The

A survey of one Financial Market Anomaly (e.g. The Momentum Effect and Essay

A survey of one Financial Market Anomaly (e.g. The Momentum Effect and Market Efficiency) - Essay Example Anomalies specify either market ineffectiveness or insufficiencies in the fundamental asset-pricing model. Contextually, market anomaly is regarded as a price and return miscalculation on financial market which appears to oppose ‘efficient market hypotheses’ (Schwert, 2002). This report is based on the survey of one financial market anomaly named ‘turn-of-the-year’ effect. The objective of the report is thus to recognise and describe the reasons for the occurrence of turn-of-the-year anomaly. Furthermore, the report also aims to understand how this anomaly influences the aspect of market efficiency. Definition of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The turn-of-the-year effect defines an outline of increased trading quantity and higher stock prices in the year end (i.e. last week of December) and in the beginning of year (i.e. the first two weeks of January). According to Keim (1983) & Reinganum (1983), majority of irregular revenues generated by small organisations hap pens during the first two weeks of January. This anomaly is recognised as turn-of-the-year effect. In this context, Roll (1983) had theorised that higher unpredictability of little capitalisation stocks cause substantial short term capital losses. Most of the investors hence desire to realise income tax before year end. This stress leads to more sales of stock in the end of year, resulting in substantial minimisation of prices of small capitalisation stocks (Schwert, 2002). Pattern of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The study of the Return on Investment (ROI) of US along with other key financial markets constantly discovered robust dissimilarities in stock yielding behaviour across the year. The following figure hereby illustrates the average ROI on monthly basis from 1927 to 2001 in the US: Source: (Stern School of Business, 2012) From the above figure, it can be observed that the returns on investment in January from 1927 to 2001 were considerably higher in the US in comparison to the re turn of other months. This pattern of returns can be observed in the first two weeks of January. To be stated, the turn of the year effect was much more noticeable for small organisations in comparison with big organisations (Stern School of Business, 2012). However, the turn-of-the-year anomaly was learnt to b only existing in those markets where individual income taxes are active. In the similar context, the pattern of the stock markets of Hong Kong did reveal a turn-of-the-year effect owing to the fact that there were no capital gains from taxes. Similarly, in China the capital gains on taxes are considered as uniform which does not offer any kind of inducement for investors during year ends. Thus, turn-of-the-year anomaly is hardly observed in China as well as in Hong Kong (Ji, 2008). Discovery of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The seasonal anomaly had been first identified by Sidney B. Watchel in the year 1942. Chronologically, in the year 1976, Rozeff & Kinney had documented the tur n-of-the-year effect in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) for the first time. They had found that the average yield of

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Not sure - Essay Example claim that man maintains innate inclinations towards morality, which does not let him to go astray quite unbridled without being responsible to some Supreme Being, who has created His voice in every heart in the form of conscience in order to keep the seduction and temptation of the evil away from him. Human nature, according to this distinguished sage, and its impulses as well, if cultivated, turn into moral virtues. Our natures are, he argues, what heaven has given us (6A.15). Since heaven has created human nature in its own image, it has natural tendencies of inclining towards goodness ultimately. Thus, human nature even remaining indulged into the vice of various kinds, eventually inclines to the traits and characteristics attributed to it by birth. Human nature, Mencius further asserts, is what links us with the non-human universe, the normative order of heaven. Consequently, human soul has been created with the gifted moral values Nature looks for in human actions in one way or the other. Indeed, the quality of this relationship is such that Mencius is able to claim that â€Å"If one knows one’s nature, one will know heaven† (Makeham 2001). The same has also been preached by Mencius’ predecessor Confucius, and the very notion has always been endorsed and projected by the future philosophers and thinkers in their respective philosophical works. Illustrious moralist and sage of ancient Chinese civilization Confucius had preached virtue and compassion towards humanity without discrimination through his preaching. He submits that where there exists the razor of iniquity, inequality, evil and social injustice in a society, there is least probability of the blossoming of the plant of goodness, charity, honesty and wisdom, and vice versa (Yu 2012). The same was the notion promoted by the distinguished ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who had declared having knowledge of the universal phenomena as a great virtue that protects humans from going astray and

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay This project is aimed at analysing and designing a solenoid operated piston pump which is capable of delivering solution (this report assumes water) at a flow rate of 1 litre/min. However, the customer usage requires the flow rate to remain between 0.9 and 1.1 litre/min at an ambient pressure of about 1 bar. The operation mode of the piston pump is described below using the diagram: OscillPistonPump Fig 1.1 Solenoid Operated Piston Pump1 The solenoid coil (4) generates an electromagnetic field by the single wave diode rectified current flowing through the coil. Each current pulse moves the piston (5) against the pressure spring (3). This movement reduces the volume in the suction chamber causing an increase in pressure (P a 1/V), which opens the valve (6) in the piston, thereby allowing the liquid to run into the pressure side. When the current acting on the solenoid pulse is off, the pressure spring pushes back the piston toward the pressure side. The increase of pressure caused by the piston movement closes the piston valve (6) and the liquid flows through the valve (7) set in the pressure connection (8) and into the pressure pipe. The piston movement also simultaneously increases the volume in the suction chamber, thereby reducing the pressure below the chamber. The low pressure in the suction chamber opens the valve (2) set in the suction connection (1), and the liquid is sucked into the pump and the cycle starts again. The piston size and the length of its displacement define the flow rate. The pump will run without damage when the liquid flow is stopped momentarily1. This design concentrated on the piston, suction chamber and pressure springs design. Although references were made to the valves and solenoid force, engineering analysis were not carried out on them. CHAPTER 2 INITIAL ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS This section considered the engineering analysis of the operation of the piston pump to achieve the require specifications. The given specifications are; Flow rate Q = 1 Lit/min Frequency F = 60 cycles/sec Ambient Pressure = 1 bar Using the above specifications, the length of stroke of the piston, which is also termed as the â€Å"Swept Volume†, can be calculated using the relation below: Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Where: Q = Flow Rate =1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104 mm3/sec f = Frequency (cycles/sec) L = Length of stroke/Swept volume (mm) d = Diameter of piston/suction chamber (mm) The diameter was varied from 1 to 20 mm and the corresponding lengths of stroke were obtained at different frequencies of 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 cycles/sec. The results obtained were plotted (See appendix 1). After careful look, the frequency at 40 cycle/sec, so subsequent calculations would be based on this. It was also noticed that reasonable pair of dimensions of the diameter and length occurred around the diameters 5-10mm, therefore subsequent calculations were based on this range. 2.1 LOAD ANALYSIS The load analysis was carried out on each component designed as indicated below: A. Piston: The load analysis on the piston was done by isolating the piston and analysing the forces acting it. The different forces acting on the piston are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Magnetic force from solenoid coil Resultant spring force Kinematic frictional force Gravitational force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that atomic, initial static frictional force and temperature effects are negligible. The force analyses were carried out considering three different cases under which the pump operation can undergo. The intake and ejection strokes were also analysed separately to reduce complications. The difference between the intake and ejection stroke is that, the magnetic force from the solenoid is zero during ejection, because the solenoid is off: Case I: This is when the piston pump is used horizontally, that is, it is used to pump fluid on the same datum. This means that the gravitational effect and the height difference in the hydraulic force will be zero. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Case II: This considered the case when the pump is used to transfer fluid from a higher level to a lower level. This means that the gravitational effect will favour the direction of flow therefore reducing the force needed to drive the piston. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Case III: This considered the case when the piston pump is used to deliver fluid from a lower level to a higher level. The difference between this case and case II is in the gravitational effect and the datum difference in the hydraulic effect. The design load analysis was done under this circumstance because pumps are usually used for this particular purpose. Even with this design concept, the pump can still be used for other cases, but it might deliver fluid at a higher flow rate, which could still be in the boundaries of the given tolerance of the flow rate. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. The different forces were calculated as follows using the free body diagram of the piston shown below: Figure 2.1 Boundary conditions of intake and ejection strokes Force from solenoid coil= Fs Force on piston causing motion = Mpa Where Mp = mass of piston kg and a = acceleration of piston (mm/s2) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€"V Ï  = Density of material (Stainless steel) =8Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) V=Volume of fluid displced in one stroke mm3= Q Ãâ€"t= Qf where f=45 cycles/sec=90 strokes/sec (2 strokes=1 cycle) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€" Qf=8Ãâ€"10-6 Ãâ€" 1.667 Ãâ€"10490=1.482Ãâ€"10-3 From law of motion; v2= u2+ 2aS u = 0 ∠´a=v22S Also v= St= S Ãâ€"f v=Velocity (mm/s) and S= L=Length of stroke (mm) ∠´a=L Ãâ€"f22L= L Ãâ€" f22= L Ãâ€" 9022 The length was varied from 5 to 10 mm, and different accelerations were obtained (See appendix 2). Resultant spring force = K2∆x- K1∆x= ∆xK2- K1= ∆x∆K Where K1 and K2=Stiffness of springs 1 and 2 respectively (N/mm) ∆x=L=Stoke length (mm) Kinematic frictional force = ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"N= ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"Mpg Where ÃŽ ¼k=Coefficient of kinematic friction N=Normal force= Mpg g=acceleration due to gravity=9810 mm/s2 Gravitational force = Mpg Hydraulic force = Total Change in Pressure ∆P (N/mm2)Surface Area of Piston A (mm2) From Bernoulllis equation   P1Ï g+ V122g+ Z1= P2Ï g+ V222g+ Z2 ∆P= P1-P2=Ï V22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g Q= A1V1= A2V2 ,   then V2= QA2= A1V1A2 and V1= QA1 ∆P= Ï A1V1A22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g= V12Ï 2 A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g ∆P= Ï  Q22A12A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g Where Q= Flow rate (mm3/s) , Ï  =density of water =1Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) A1and A2=Area mm2   and V1 and V2=Velocity (m/s) ∆Z=L=Length of Stroke mm Including the discharge coefficient C = 0.98 to account for viscous effect, ∆P therefore becomes: ∆P= Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g ∠´ Hydraulic force = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gSurface Area of Piston A mm2 = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The forces were algebraically added according the ejection stroke equation developed above (case III) to obtain ?K at different diameter of pistons, fixing inner diameter of Piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 3). Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. Mpa= L ∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg- Mpg ∆K= 1LMpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg+g+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the fluid forced out from the suction chamber into the outlet. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston and the outlet, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. Also the outlet diameter was assumed to be equal to the inner diameter of the piston. The results obtained for difference in stiffness ?K above, were used to obtain the force from solenoid coil Fs using the injection stroke equation above. Also different diameter of piston were used while varying the inner diameter of piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 4). Considering the intake stroke equation for case III: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Mpa= Fs-L∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg+ Mpg Fs= Mpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg-g+L∆K+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the change in pressure as the fluid passes through the piston, because of the reduction in area. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston outer and inner diameter, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. B. Pressure Springs: The load analysis of the spring was also done by isolating the spring and analysing the forces acting it. Considering the ejection stroke of upper spring (spring 1), the different forces acting on the spring are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Spring force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force on spring is negligible because the surface area contacting the wall is small. Force causing motion = Spring force + Resultant hydraulic force Mpa= LÃâ€"K1+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 K1=1LMpa- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 ∠´K2=K1+∆K Where Force on springs Fsk=KÃâ€"Length of stroke The values of stiffness of springs 1 and 2 were calculated using the relationships above at different outer and inner diameters of the piston. The graphs were plotted to see the variations (See appendix 5 and 6). C. Inlet Valve and Spring: Considering also the inlet valves and analysing the forces acting it, the injection stroke is caused by an increase in volume of the suction chamber, causing a corresponding decrease in pressure. Therefore the different forces acting on the inlet valve are given below: Inlet spring force at compression Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force and gravitational force on the valve is negligible because the valve is light. Resultant Pressure Change= ?P From Gas Law: P1V1= P2V2 P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures of both the inlet and suction chamber respectively (N/mm2). The initial pressure P1 is assumed to be equal to the external pressure which is given to be equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa = 1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2. That is why fluid is not flowing because there is no pressure difference, or P1 was higher than Pa P2= P1V1V2= PaV1V2 where V2=V1+Vs and Vs=Swept Volume per stoke Vs=Flow rateFrequency in stroke/sec=1.667Ãâ€"10490 =185.22 mm2/stroke P2= P1V1V1+Vs ∆P1=Change in pressure due to swept volume= Pa-P2 ∆P1=Pa-PaV1V1+Vs=Pa V1+Vs-PaV1 V1+Vs=PaV1-PaV1+PaVsV1+Vs=PaVsV1+Vs Where V1 = VT and it is the total volume of the inlet spring area, suction chamber and the inner space of the piston. ∆P2=Pressure Change due to area changes ∆P2=Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g The above pressure change is the sum of the pressure changes from the inlet through suction chamber and into pistons inner diameter. This is negligible because the pressure drops as it enters the suction chamber and increases as it enters the inner diameter of piston, thereby almost cancelling out. ∆P=∆P1=PaVsVT+Vs Hydraulic force=spring force at compression ∆P1A3=PaVsA3VT+Vs= K3x3 PaVs=K3x3A3VT+ K3x3A3Vs VT=PaVs- K3x3A3VsK3x3A3 Where A3=Inlet area mm2, K3=Inlet Spring Stiffness (N/mm) and x3=Spring movement=Valve lifting mm The values the total internal volume VT was obtained at different values of the diameter of the inlet D3 (corresponding to A3). The value of the spring force K3x3 was varied from 0.01 to 0.05 N and the variations were plotted to see an appropriate one (See appendix 7). 2.2 Component Design and Selection The component design has been carried out along with the load analysis shown above. The desired dimensions for different components were then selected after a careful study and analysis of the graphs plotted. The dimensions were selected based on those that satisfy the required specifications, reasonably able to be manufactured and can be selected from the manufacturers catalogue as in the case of the springs2. Below are the component dimensions: Solenoid: Solenoid Frequency: 45cycles/sec = 90 strokes/sec Force from solenoid coil: 108.8N Length of stroke: 7.367 mm Piston: Piston outer diameter: 8 mm Piston inner diameter: 2 mm Springs: Pressure spring 1 rate = 5.771 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 5.771 * 7.367 = 42.515 N Pressure spring 2 rate = 14.683 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 14.683 * 7.367 = 108.17 N From the above calculations and estimated values of the spring rates, the most accurate spring chosen from the compression spring catalogue are (see appendix 8 and 9): Spring 1: C6609150 Wire diameter: 1.02 mm Outer Diameter: 7.62 mm Free length: 15.88 mm Rate: 5.81 N/mm Spring 2: D22110 Wire diameter: 1.25 mm Outer Diameter: 7.55mm Free length: 17mm Rate: 15.03 N/mm Inlet: Inlet spring stiffness = 0.02 N/mm Inlet spring length = 9.804 mm Inlet diameter = 1.78 mm 2.3 Stress Analysis The stress analysis was carried out on just two components as shown below. This was because these are the two components whose failure affects the pump operation most. A. Piston: The two stresses acting on the piston are normal and shear stresses which is given as. Stress (N/mm2) sij= Force (N)Area (mm2) The notation is to differentiate between the direction and plane of action, where the first digit represents the plane of action and the second digit represents the direction of force. When the notations are different, it signifies shear stress and when the notations are the same it means normal stress. The force on the piston varies as the piston goes through the cycle, therefore the different forces and principal stresses were calculated as the spring compresses and stretches. This was shown in appendix 10 and 11, but the calculations of the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the springs peak are shown below. The principal stresses were calculated because they are the cause of fracture in a component3. Considering the piston and spring 1: Fig 2.2: Stresses acting on piston from spring 1 and wall3 s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 1Outer Area-Inner Area= K1Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=5.771 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 42.51547.1239=0.9022 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction Considering the piston and spring 2: s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 2Outer Area-Inner Area= K2Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=14.638 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 107.838147.1239=2.2884 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction The total principal stress which is the usual cause of fracture was calculated using the total normal stresses from the springs and the shear stress from solenoid. Total shear stresses: Ts12=s12 from Spring 1+ s12 from Sprig 2=0.2886+0.2886= 0.5772 Total normal stresses: Ts22=s22 from Spring 1+ s22 from Sprig 2=0.9022+2.2954= 3.1976 Therefore the principal stresses: s11s22- s(s11+s22)+s2-s122=0 0Ãâ€"3.1976- s(0+3.1976)+s2-0.57722=0 s2-3.1976s-0.3331=0 Principal stresses; smin=-0.101 N/mm2, smax=3.2986 N/mm2 B. Pressure Springs: The major stress acting on the spring is shear stress acting on the coils. The force and consequentially the shear stress on the springs vary as the piston deflection (i.e. length of stroke) increases and decreases. The various forces and shear stresses were calculated and the graph plotted (see appendix 12). But the calculation of the maximum shear stress, which occurs at the full deflection is shown below4: Fig 2.4: Force acting on spring4 Shear stress tmax= 8FDWpd3 Where F=Force on spring N D=Mean outer diameter of spring mm d=diameter of spring coil mm W = Wahl Correction Factor which accounts for shear stress resulting from the springs curvature W=4C-14C-4+0.615C C=Dd Considering Spring 1 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=5.771Ãâ€"7.367=42.515 N/mm2 D=7.62 mm and d=1.02 mm ?C=Dd= 7.621.02=7.4705 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"7.4705-14Ãâ€"7.4705-4+0.6157.4705=1.1982 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"42.515 Ãâ€"7.62Ãâ€"1.1982pÃâ€"1.023=931.113 N/mm2 Considering Spring 2 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=14.638Ãâ€"7.367=108.17 N/mm2 D=7.55 mm and d=1.25 mm ?C=Dd= 7.551.25=6.04 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"6.04-14Ãâ€"6.04-4+0.6156.04=1.2506 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"108.17 Ãâ€"7.55Ãâ€"1.2506pÃâ€"1.253=1331.119 N/mm2 CHAPTER 3 INITIAL MANUFACTURING DESIGN ANALYSIS 3.1 Dimensions The dimensions of all the main components; piston, springs, cylinder and valves had been obtained from the calculations and graphical analysis made above. However, the detailed dimensions of all components namely; pump body (left and right side), cylinder and liners, piston, springs and valves are shown in the CAD drawing in appendix 13. 3.2 Tolerances Tolerance for Stroke Length The statistical tolerance of the stoke length was calculated using integral method, which is much more effective than an additional tolerance. Given the tolerance of the flow rate as  ± 0.1litres/min, the tolerance of the frequency was assumed to be  ± 5 cycles/sec under normal distribution condition. The tolerance of the stroke length was calculated as follows: Standard deviation s=Tolerance3 Ãâ€"Cp where Cp=process capability index In general manufacturing industry, a process capability index (Cp) of 1.33is considered acceptable. Therefore Cp Flow rateQ=1  ±0.1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104  ±1.667 Ãâ€"103mm3/sec   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'Q=3.33 Ãâ€"1033 Ãâ€"1.33=8.356 Ãâ€"102 Frequency F= 45  ±5 cycles/sec (Assuming a Normal distributed variable)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'f=103 Ãâ€"1.33=2.506 Therefore the flow rate and frequency could be written as; Q ~ N 1.667 Ãâ€"104 , 8.356 Ãâ€"102 mm3/sec f ~ N 45 , 2.506 cycles/sec Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Using differential tolerance: ÏÆ'∅2= i=1n∂∅∂xi2 ÏÆ'xi2 ÏÆ'L2= ∂L∂Q2ÏÆ'Q2+ ∂L∂f2ÏÆ'f2+ ∂L∂d22ÏÆ'd2 ÏÆ'L2= 4Ï€ 1ÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'Q2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f22ÏÆ'f2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d3 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'd2 Ãâ€"2 ∠´Tolerance=ÏÆ'3 Ãâ€"Cp The standard deviations and tolerances of the stoke length were calculated using the above equations, while varying the diameter from 1 to 20 mm, and the results were plotted out (see appendix 14). Tolerance for Piston Principal Stress Assuming a normally distributed around the maximum principal stress acting on the piston, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum principal stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 11. ∠´3ÏÆ'=3.2918-0.5772=2.7146 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"2.7146=3.6104 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=3.61042= ± 1.8052 N/mm2 Tolerance for Springs Shear Stress Also assuming a normally distributed around the maximum shear stress acting on the springs, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum shear stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 12. For spring 1: ∠´3ÏÆ'=931.113-0=931.113 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"931.113=1238.38 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1238.382= ± 619.19 N/mm2 For spring 2: ∠´3ÏÆ'=1331.119-0=1331.119 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"1331.119=1770.39 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1770.392= ± 885.195 N/mm2 3.3 Fits The components that are fitted into the cylinder, namely; cylinder liner, piston springs 1 and 2 are almost of equal diameter. But because of the consideration of the fits and limits to give some allowance a transition fit was chosen from â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†. Since it fell in between the nominal size of 0 6 mm, the transition fit selected was H700.015 for the hole and k60-0.009 for the shaft5. 3.4 Material Selection Piston and Cylinder The piston and the cylinder are to be made of stainless steel grade 431. This is due to the prevention of fracture which could be caused by principal stress. From the maximum principal stress obtained for the piston above (3.2986 N/mm2 = 3.2986 MPa), it is sure that the material which has a yield strength of 655 MPa will be able to prevent failure. Also the other reason for choosing this material is because of its high resistance to corrosion6. Since the piston and cylinder interacts with the fluid, which increases the tendency for corrosion to occur, it is quite safe to use a highly corrosion resistance material like this. It is also very easily machined in annealed condition. The properties of the stainless steel grade 431are shown in appendix 156. Springs The springs are to be made of stainless steel grade 316. This is also due to the strength of the grade in preventing fracture, breakage and buckling of the spring due to the shear stress acting on it. From the maximum shear stress calculated above (1331.119 N/mm2 = 1.331 GPa), it is sure that this grade of stainless steel with an elastic modulus of 193 GPa will be able to withstand the compression. The material is also highly corrosion resistant and relatively easy to machine. The other properties of the stainless steel grade 316 are shown in appendix 156. Valves The valves are to be made of polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, which is a thermoplastic. This was chosen because the material has to be light and can easily float. Also, it has very low coefficient of friction, which reduces the fluid drag force and wears on the piston and spring. 3.5 Surface Finish The surface finishing chosen for the manufacturing of the parts was to be 0.8  µm Ra. This is to reduce friction and rate of wear, because there are lots of parts moving against each other. The grinding process requires a very great accuracy because it is a relatively delicate manufacturing process. 3.6 Geometric Tolerance In obtaining the tolerance of the components, since algebraic addition of tolerances is very unrealistic and will not be efficient, the tolerances of components that fit into each other were taken from the â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†5. These are show below S/No Parts Dimensions (mm) Tolerances (mm) Drawings 1 Cylinder 11.00 + 0.015 2 Cylinder liner 8.00 0.009 3 Piston 2.00 0.006 4 Spring 1 17.00  ± 0.0015 3.7 Process Selection The manufacturing processes of the various parts of the pump will be very important aspects of the design.The parts to be manufactured are pump body, cylinder liners and piston. It will take a great deal of accuracy in carrying out the process, because the geometry of the parts is very delicate. Any wrong dimension will affect the output or operation of the pump. There are three steps in manufacturing the components mentioned above. Firstly, all the components would be manufactured by casting, which would probably not give the accurate dimensions. Then a turning/boring process can then be carried out, using a CNC or lathe machines, to achieve better dimension. The last process is the surface finish, which gives a smoother and precise dimension. It is relatively easier to manufacture the components by this method because of the intricacies of the geometry and dimensions, and also the materials chosen are easily machined. The manufacturing process of the springs would not be considered in this report because they are provided by suppliers. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OPTIMISATION 4.1 Component Manufacturing Risk Assessment Component Name Pump Body (Left Right Side) Calculation of qm Drawing number 001 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 2.057 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = + 0.0151.6 Ãâ€"2.057=+0.00455 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 1.3 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 2.21 Manufacturing variability risk, qm = 2.21 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 8 mm Design Tolerance + 0.015 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra Component Name Piston Calculation of qm Drawing number 005 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 1.1 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = 0.0061.6 Ãâ€"1.1=0.0034 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 = 1 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 = 1.7 Manufacturing variability risk, qm =1.7 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 2 mm Design Tolerance 0.002, -0.008 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The values of the component manufacturing risk analysis obtained above are considerably with a low risk. This shows that the processes chosen for the manufacturing of the components are acceptable. 4.2 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is an analytical technique performed to ensure that all possible failure modes of the piston pump have being identified and address. Below are the predicted failure modes of each components of the piston pump, the caused, effects and the suggested solutions: It can be seen from the FMEA above that the spring breakage has the greatest severity, but the wear on all the components has the greatest risk priority number. This is because wear would be experience by the customer over time of use which made the risk priority number very high. Therefore, while desig

Narrative and Opinion in Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Choices James Baldwin is considered to be one of the great writers of modern time. There are many characteristics of his writing that could be used to show his talent but the one that is most often cited is his ability to interweave narrative and opinion seamlessly into his essays. One example of this ability is in his â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† essay. He interweaves narrative of his father and his death with his opinions about the relationship between blacks and whites at that time. James Baldwin uses contrasting ideas such as public vs. private, father vs. son, and past vs. present to switch back and forth between the narrative and his opinions. The major contrasting idea that Baldwin uses in the essay is the contrasting idea of public life vs. his own personal private life. The first paragraph starts by giving the date of his father’s death, then moves to telling about the Detroit riots and then brings them together in the end of the paragraph by stating that they â€Å"†¦drove my father to the graveyard through a wilderness of smashed plate glass† (63). This shows how both their personal life had been ‘shattered’ and also the town around them. But this is only a hint of how Baldwin switches between his personal, private life and his public life in society. However, he always manages to pull what seems like two completely opposite ideas together into one combined thought. By drawing similarities between his public life and his private life, Baldwin is able to create the sense that the problems facing society were very similar compared to those that he faced on a personal level. Be cause of this Baldwin is able to make his opinions apply to the reader on a more personal level. The best example of Baldwin usi... ...art when taking a stance on an issue. That way you are sincere in your decision and you stand behind it. But he is also saying in the rest of the essay that when you are deciding if you should take a side or when you decide what side you are going to take, you must not rely on merely the past or the present. You must not merely on the word of society or the word of your private family. And you must not rely on the words your father says because you are his son. You must look at the entire picture, both past and present, both public and private, and both your thoughts and your father’s when you make a decision on a subject. Only in this way will the world ever be fair and just, and without racial tensions. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Effective and Ethical Leadership Essay

Page 2. Throughout the evolution of modern business, leaders have strived to be effective and profitable. However, due to unprecedented business scandals throughout the past decade, strict adherence to the principles of business ethics has become more prominent and expansive than ever before. In light of scandalous and unethical business practices, as exuded by Enron and WorldCom for example, business leaders and governing agencies realize the importance of ethical behavior. Although there is not a clear cut or standard set of attributes that constitute an effective and ethical leader, there are several common aspects that can be identified. The most important attributes of an effective and ethical leader are trustworthiness and accountability. Employees must feel that they can trust their managers in any and every situation. Team members must believe that a manager has immaculate intentions for the well-being of the project and the team. Employees will work harder towards the goals of the organization as well as towards the goals of individual assignments if they feel that management is looking out for their best interests. Team members should not look at business management as an entity of oppression. Employees should be able to approach managers without intimidation or prejudice. In other words, workers should feel free to address concerns and express opinions. Experienced front line workers are more privy to minute details regarding the daily operations of the business. A worker that trusts his or her superior is more likely to express opinions and concerns that can enhance business activity or correct errors. Employees that trust the management of the organization will be more willing to work diligently towards the company’s goals. Employees that do not have a trustworthy management team can suffer from a reduction in morale. Overall, a lack of trust leads to a distant and less productive work environment. Page 3. Another equally important attribute of an effective and ethical leader is accountability. Effective managers should not be afraid to admit when they are wrong. Even the best managers make mistakes. In essence, a manager with a strong ethical track record will be able to address tough questions with realistic answers. Transcending departmental and hierarchal barriers, accountability promotes communication throughout the entire organization. For example, after years of slumping car sales coupled with rigid hierarchal divisions, Ford Motors decided to embark in a new direction with Alan Mulally as CEO in 2006. Throughout its century of existence, Ford â€Å"developed a very tall hierarchy, composed of managers whose main goal was to protect their turf and avoid any direct blame for its plunging car sales (Jones 2010). Even the COO Mark Fields stated that â€Å"at Ford you never admit when you don’t know something (Jones 2010). † New CEO, Alan Mulally, diligently worked to demolish the communication barriers between the divisions of production and to develop new ethical norms. For instance, he instituted weekly meetings where department heads were encouraged to openly share problems. Mulally promoted a new culture that was more accepting and open about mistakes. Moreover, sharing all a spects of production information through a universal lens can help to promote decreased production costs on a company-wide level. Organizations will prosper under a management that promotes and radiates accountability and trustworthiness. Employees are more prone to open lines of communication with trusted superiors. Managers that can accept responsibility for errors while co-piloting new plans of attack on pertinent issues can help to eliminate unnecessary depletion of organizational resources. A corporate culture that is built upon these attributes will be poised for future success. Page 4. Works Cited Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (6th ed. , p. 14). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1

Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1 Despite intensive research by historians, there is no- and there will never be- a definitive list of the casualties inflicted during World War I. Where detailed record-keeping was attempted, the demands of battle undermined it. The destructive nature of the war, a conflict where soldiers could be wholly obliterated or instantly buried, destroyed both the records themselves and the memories of those who knew the fates of their comrades. Estimating the Numbers For many countries, the estimated figures only vary within the hundreds, even tens, of thousands, but those of others- particularly France- can be over a million apart. Consequently, the numbers given here have been rounded to the nearest thousand (Japan is an exception, given the low number). The figures in this, and almost every other list, will differ; however, the proportions should remain similar and it is these (represented here as percentages) which allow the greatest insight. In addition, there is no convention as to whether the dead and wounded of the British Empire are listed under this umbrella title or by individual nation (and there is certainly no convention for those regions which have since divided).   How People Died Many people expect the deaths and wounds of World War I to have come from bullets, as soldiers were engaged in combat: charges into no mans land, struggles over trenches, etc. However, while bullets certainly killed a lot of people, it was aerial artillery which killed the most. This death from the skies could bury people or just blow a limb off, and the repeated hammerings of millions of shells induced illness even when the shrapnel didnt hit. This devastating killer, which could kill you while you were on your own territory away from enemy troops, was supplemented by new weapons: humanity lived up to its horrible reputation by deciding that new methods of killing ​were needed, and poison gas was introduced on both western and eastern fronts. This didnt kill as many people as you might think, given the way we remember it, but those it did kill died a painful and hideous death. Some say that the First World Wars death toll is used today as an emotional weapon used to cast the conflict in overwhelmingly negative terms, part of the modern revisionism on the war, which may be a completely dishonest way to portray the conflict. One look at the list below, with millions dead, over a war for imperial control, is telling evidence. The vast and scarring psychological effects of those who were wounded, or those who bore no physical wounds (and dont appear in the list below), yet suffered emotional wounds, must also be born in mind when you consider the human cost of this conflict. A generation was damaged. Notes on Countries With regards to Africa, the figure of 55,000 refers to soldiers who saw combat; the number of Africans involved as auxiliaries or otherwise is likely to include several hundred thousand. Troops were drawn from Nigeria, Gambia, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Nyasaland/Malawi, Kenya, and the Gold Coast. Figures for South Africa are given separately. In the Caribbean, the British West Indies regiment drew men from across the region, including Barbados, Bahamas, Honduras, Grenada, Guyana, Leeward Islands, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago; the bulk came from Jamaica. The figures are cited from The Longman Companion to the First World War (Colin Nicholson, Longman 2001, pg. 248); they have been rounded to the nearest thousand. All percentages are my own; they refer to the % of the total mobilized. Casualties of World War I Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total K and W Casualties Africa 55,000 10,000 unknown unknown - Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64% Austria-Hungary 6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74% Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28% Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 64% Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39% The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19% French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75% Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54% Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44% Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 26,000 11% India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7% Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26% Japan 800,000 250 1,000 1,250 0.2% Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 13,000 26% New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66% Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22% Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43% Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55% Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37% South Africa 149,000 7,000 12,000 19,000 13% Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 400,000 736,000 46% USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8% Sources and Further Reading Broadberry, Stephen and Mark Harrison (eds). The Economics of World War I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Offer, Avner. The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Hall, George J. Exchange Rates and Casualties During the First World War. Journal of Monetary Economics 51.8 (2004): 1711–42. Print.Hoeffler D. F., and L. J. Melton. Changes in the distribution of navy and marine corps casualties from World War I through the Vietnam conflict. Military Medicine 146.11 (1981). 776–779.  Keegan, John. The First World War. New York: Vintage Books, 1998.Nicholson, Colin. The Longman Companion to the First World War: Europe 1914–1918. Routledge, 2014.  Winter, J. M. Britains ‘Lost Generation’ of the First World War. Population Studies 31.3 (1977): 449–66. Print.

Skin Care Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color

Skin Care Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color Skin Care Throughout the late 1800's and until the present, cosmetics and skin care have been important in the lives of women in America. Certain trends have come and gone, just as some have remained. In the past 100 years, the roles and lives of women have changed drastically, but their cosmetics have always been around. Charm books along with step-by-step manuals give us today a look into the past. Advertisements are also a great source of history. Using these means, central themes in cosmetics can be determined, almost simply. Throughout the past century, pleasing your man, looking natural, and being a sophisticated, contemporary woman with a fresh young look, have been important to the cosmetic companies and to their female consumers. In the late 1800's, cosmetics were being produced and sold to college-aged women and older. However, a large hypocrisy was occurring. Women were being told that it was necessary to wear cosmetics, however, it was vain to wear noticeable make-up. It was quoted from St. Paul's Magazine that, "If a girl has the trial of a complexion so bad that the sight of it gives one a turn, it is simply a duty for her either not to go into society at all, or, if she does, to conceal it?you have no right to inflict your misfortunes on everybody-it is an unpardonable offense against good taste" (Williams 113). The women of this time were being bombarded with mixed messages. Their problems with this hypocrisy were settled to only wearing a light powder and rouge. Colors worn were usually corals and peaches because brighter colors would not provide the appropriate image that the woman was trying to convey. Their goal was to convey a natural glow that healthy women possessed. There were the years when women were slapping their cheeks and biting their lips to draw 'natural' color to their face. It was also quoted that, "Every college girl's room should be fitted with a mirror, so that even when immersed in her studies the young lady should not be negligent of her appearance" (Williams 113). Even 100 years ago, women were being forced to be aware of their appearance at all times. The early 1900's brought about a slight change in women's cosmetics. Lipsticks were the norm and mascara and eyeshadow were emphasized as necessary for eveningwear. This came about after the First World War. Also, in the 1920's, class lines were being broken. The flappers came out smoking cigarettes, cutting their hair, and wearing cosmetics that "did not harmonize their facial make-up" (Williams 134). Many other women followed parts of these trends and it was no longer possible to tell a woman's social position from her appearance. Then again in the 1930's, women went back to more natural and softer hues. Women were being told that the older they were, the more make-up they were using would help them look their best (Williams 147). The goal at this time was to keep your man guessing if your complexion was natural or not. Depilatories were used to remove unwanted hair sprouting from the face and bleaches were used to fade aging spots. Here, pleasing your man and reverting back to youth play an important role in the cosmetics being used by women. In the 1950's, charm and the essence of being a 'perfect little woman' were important. Inner beauty was seen as one's charm, where outer beauty was their passport to the world (McLeod 37). Step-by- step charm books gave women the instructions to be pretty and popular. Never forget, "perfect make-up is date bait" (McLeod 52). Home skin care remedies were used as well as following a strict daily regimen, including diet, hair care, and housework. Following a regimen was seen as good for one's health (McLeod 41). On into the 1960's, skin care was a big issue. However, many misconceptions were going around. Women were told that oily skin resulted from their improper mental attitude and improper breathing, just as dry skin was caused by poor function of the master gland (Jones 8). In the 1960's, the art of camouflage was necessary to perfect one's facial features and provide a natural look (Jones 32). Since skin care was such

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Art history - Research Paper Example During this period of time Vase painting goes through different styles and techniques in development which have replaced each other. This assignment will conduct a research regrading four objects of the pottery art of Ancient Greece. The purpose of the work is analyzing of two objects which belong to the Geometric and the Orientalizing periods plus 2 objects utilizing the black-figure and the red-figure techniques as well. The basic material for the production of pottery in Ancient Greece was simple plastic ferruginous clay, giving the fired pottery brick-red or pale yellow shade. Earthy colors were used for painting products, and the most wonderful one was a shiny black lacquer. The painting of antique products was produced on the wet clay, which required a lot of confidence and a skillful hand of the draftsman. Let’s trace the peculiarities of Geek vase painting evolution by detailed examining of the four chosen, according to the sequence of the mentioned periods in the history. The most striking view of the very early works of decorative art of Ancient Greece is made by the vases which are decorated with geometric traceries. So our first object belongs to the Geometric period of Greek pottery, which is expressive in its own way and very conditional in forms. It is the Heron Class Olla which is very similar to the Kylix, a vessel with a short neck and wide mouth, often supplied by two horizontal handles and used for wine storage. Originally it is rounded and convex, with time becomes more oval and flat. We can see the characteristic features of the whole period of art in this vase. They are the large geometrical patterns on the most space of the object, the typical decorations conducted with the help of a compass, circles and semicircles, alternating geometric design drawings established in different registers of patterns, separated from each other, enveloping the vessel with the horizontal lines. The other bright feature of Geometric period is the

Cremation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cremation - Essay Example However the remains are not ashes in the literal sense but they are dried bone segments. Cremation leaves the bones in fine sand like texture. These bone segments left are cremation are called as cremated bones. (1986) A place where modern day cremation occurs is called as crematorium (Cambridge , 2009). Crematorium usually consists of furnaces called as cremators and other facilities for handling of ashes. Cremation usually takes places in crematorium at very high temperatures of up to 870-980 C with special modifications to ensure the efficient disintegration of the corpse (L, 2005) . Europe which had earlier practised cremation of bodies abandoned the rite with the advent of Christianity which forbade cremation of bodies. The custom of earth burial came into vogue. It symbolised the burial of Jesus Christ and the day of Resurrection. (Kohmescher, 1999) However modern day Christianity permits cremation without violating its basic Christian norms and there has been a steady rise in this funerary practice form the mid 1960's especially in England , France , Italy and Switzerland. Skin and Hair are the first parts of the body which burn when a body is put to fire. During this phase 60-70% of the total body weight which is water vaporises due to intense heat. The loss of water causes muscles and tendons of the body to shrink. (L, 2005) When body burns further, the skeleton gets exposed when the soft underlying tissue disintegrates due to heat. Brain and ligament tissues are the last to be destroyed due to heat. Bones are however not destroyed at this heat, their composition and structure changes as there water content and collagen is destroyed and only mineral component is left behind. Bone crystal constantly increase in when heated up to 525 degree Celsius, and between the temperatures of 525 degree to 645 degree Celsius there is a sudden shift to a greater crystalline structure with a greater increase in the individual size of a single crystal. Above 645 degree Celsius there is no further change. After the cremation is over what remains behind are these dried out bone fragments that are altered in size and shape, both. Besides minerals these dried bone fragments also contain calcium phosphates. These cremated bone fragments are ash grey in colour and form about 2.5% (in children) to 3.5% (in adults) of the total body mass of the body. (Mays, 198) Information available

Ethical Dilemmas in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Dilemmas in E-Business - Essay Example It's both interactive and unique in terms of providing immediate response and elicits reaction. Internet marketing has a wider coverage of clients since it encompasses digital media which has become very popular over the years i.e. email services, the internet, and wireless media. The aspects which internet capitalizes on are creative and technical support the internet offers including selling, adverts, developing websites, and the design. In Arab culture Business Ethics are described as a rule that regulate the socially acceptable means of performance and is usually resulted to when the other rules and regulations do not give a clear direction or guidance pertaining a certain situation or circumstance (Abdulla 2007). Those that deal with information security are expected to know and observe the laws and regulations that govern the use of computers and handling of information to the latter. The Certified Information Security System Professional (CISSP) is one such body that educates the information security professionals on such requirements (Warholic 2008). These responsibilities are essential to establishing confidence in the information security profession that motivate mutual respect from management and other stake holders; this encourages job performance to the fullest The cuThe current business world has invested so much in to communications and technology leading to so many people and businesses doing their business on the internet, commonly referred to as online trading. This has actually come with a lot of advantages as the clients reached are many and the business can make great sales. When a business operates online as in ebusiness or ecommerce, it has to keep the customers pin numbers to their credits because the common means of payment when doing business online is by use of credit cards (Petrovic et al 2001). This personal information provided on the internet is the major cause of insecurity and also elicits questions about authenticity of the businesses. In the Arabian countries and Middle East region where the Arab culture is strictly observed, technology has been inevitable and many people started using internet over the past 15 years. The people there are very preservative and do not expose their private information to the public very easily. The problem comes when some of the businesses are not careful with the client's private information leaking it to other people as in third parties or getting hacked and the information lost. Some have strict norms that do not even allow social interactions hence privacy concerns that are usually associated with the ecommerce (Warholic 2008). Some people have had to change their pin number several times within short lapses of time due to cyber crimes or careless leaking of information by the company in question. The consumer privacy is the major concern in this aspect and any business that has an intention of doing ebusiness should assure clients of their safety (Jelassi & Enders 2005). Whether the personal information of clients will be hacked or leaked, this is still unfair treatment to clients and business should try to protect their businesses from being hacked. Being safe is very critical for any company to develop and grow in terms

Three things that happened in my life Essay Example for Free

Three things that happened in my life Essay What is that challenge? How is work? Is that something I can stay home and it will come over to me? Is that something I can befit because my parents have it? My explanation about challenge could be different but I think it will work. Challenge is always people dreams but most do not complete it Challenge is your dream, is something you want died for, you sacrifice our life for You believe in, you spend all your time for, you borrow money for, you cut in your sleep for, and sometime you don’t sleep for, First is work! When you want, when you decide to sacrifice you life for it, and will see how work is. No is not something you can stay home and it will come to you, is something you go looking for, no matter how bad it is outside no matter how bad the whether is you wake up with it in you head and get out looking for it, no matter how hard everything is for you go looking for it. No challenge is not something you could be befit from any parents, our parents could be rich and gives you whatever you want, you still need to know you need challenge , our parents can give you most time they have doesn’t mean anything, you can have to put yourself out and looking for challenge just like I did. Remember challenge is go back to school, or if you already at school fit for it, spend all your time on it, always have an your mine why you wake up early for? Why would you go to school for? Why would you do anything jobs to survive? Why would you need to spend a lot of time in school for? Don’t forget how much money you loose if you spend four years in college, and could save that money and go to work making more money, always ask yourself why would you do that for, and keep going in school you will see it, you will understand it, you will satisfy it, you will love it, you will say this is how challenge work.

Syntactic Errors in Writing

Syntactic Errors in Writing Introduction When the British colonised the then Malaya, English was used in the colonial administration. English was the national language in Malaya and it was used as medium of instruction in English schools. When Malaya gained independence in 1957, the role of English as the official language dropped and Bahasa Melayu replaced English as the national language and medium of instruction in schools. In schools, English is considered as the second language. The official status of English in Peninsular Malaysia ceased after 31st August 1967, in Sabah was after September 1973 and in Sarawak was after September 1985. (Asmah Haji Omar, 2003) Even though English is the second language in Malaysia and it is still used in mostly urban areas, however, many people feel that the younger generations of Malaysians are not proficient in the language. There is a great difference in English proficiency among urban and rural school students even though they share the same syllabus. This might be because mother tongue and Bahasa Malaysia are widely used in the rural community compared to English. Problem Statement Many teachers and researchers found that many students in Malaysia have problems in writing syntactically correct English sentence. This might be because of their exposure to the language is lesser than the exposure to the national language, Bahasa Malaysia or is due to the influence of the mother tongue and Bahasa Malaysia. Saadiyah Darus and Khor (2009) investigated written English essays of Form 1 Chinese students in a school in Perak and they found that their subjects made numerous syntactic errors in their essays. Errors on tense made up of 121 of errors and subject verb agreement consists of 87 errors. Thus, they believed that the errors made by their subjects are due to the influence of their first language and also due to confusion on the English grammar rules because some rules in English do not exist in their mother tongue or first language. Saadiyah Darus and Kaladevi Subramaniam (2009) examined written English essays of Form 4 students in a school in Semenyih, Selangor and they found that the majority of their subjects made mistakes in singular/plural form followed by verb tense and others. They concluded that their subjects have problems acquiring normal grammatical rules in English. There are two objectives for this study. The first objective is to identify the common syntactic errors in compositions written by upper secondary- specifically Form four students. The second objective is to identify the reasons the subjects committed the errors. Analysis Twenty two essays on Sports injuries and its prevention were collected from 22 form four students from a secondary school in Petaling Jaya. There are 12 Malays, 3 Chinese and 7 Indian students in this class. These students are considered as of high or high intermediate proficiency. The students are all males and they are from the first class of the fourth form and they all came from national type school that uses Bahasa Malaysia as the main medium of instruction. The essays were then marked and analysed for the common errors the subjects committed. Type of Errors Number of Person Subject Verb Agreement 14 Tenses 13 Auxiliary 10 Singular/Plurals 10 Preposition 8 Table 1: Type of Errors Error Correct Form Here some general rules for injury prevention. Here are some general rules for injury prevention. There is a lot of sports in the world. There are a lot of sports in the world. Rules, aside from keeping the games fair, is also to help make the sports safer for everyone. Rules, aside from keeping the games fair, are also to help make the sports safer for everyone. These steps is important in preventing injuries. These steps are important in preventing injuries. There are a few ways to prevent this injuries. There are few ways to prevent these injuries. Table 2: Examples of errors in subject verb agreement According to the findings, the most common error made by the students is the subject verb agreement. Fourteen out of 22 students have problems in subject verb agreements. Most of the students do not know when to use is/are and was/were. For example, These steps is important in preventing injuries. This student used is instead of are might be because he does not know the differences between is and are and when to use the appropriate verb. Students have problems in differentiating the verbs because in Chinese and Mandarin, there is an absence of agreement between subjects and verbs in the languages and this may cause the students to commit errors on subject verb agreement. (Saadiyah Darus Khor, 2009) Maros et al (2007) examined the interference in learning English among form 1 students in Malaysia and they found that most of their subject committed grammatical errors due to the interference of Bahasa Malaysia. In Bahasa Malaysia, there is no such subject verb agreement rule that requires inflections based on the number of subjects. For example when He plays basketball is translated into Bahasa Malaysia, it will be Dia main bola keranjang. Even though dia is a third person singular, in Bahasa Malaysia, there is no need to add the suffix -s after the word main. Hence, the subjects were confused on when to add the suffix -s and this resulted in numerous subject verb agreement errors in their essays. Subject verb agreement errors are very common among second language learners. Even academics make mistakes in subject verb agreement in their academic papers. Flowerdew (2001) mentioned that subject verb agreement as one of the common errors in papers submitted by non-native writers of English. (Ting, Mahanita Mahadhir Chang, 2010) Hence, it is not surprising to find that the most common error made by the students in this study is subject verb agreement. Error Correct Form According to sports injuries statistics of 2009, the highest number of sport injuries reported was soccer which is then followed by rugby and basketball. According to sports injuries statistics of 2009, the highest number of sport injuries reported was soccer which was then followed by rugby and basketball. We can also have serious injuries where we get knocked out like in rugby and end up in the hospital. We can also have serious injuries where we got knocked out like in rugby and ended up in the hospital. Warm muscles are less susceptible to injuries. Warmed muscles are less susceptible to injuries. The table shown the number of sport injuries in soccer is higher than the other sports. The table shows that the number of sport injuries in soccer is higher than the other sports. It follows by rugby that has the second highest percentage. It is followed by rugby that has the second highest percentage. Table 3: Examples of errors on tenses Next is the error on tenses, whereby 13 out of 22 students made errors on tenses. Saadiyah Darus and Khor (2009) examined the four most common errors in writings of form 1 Chinese students and they found that errors on tense are the second highest total number of errors in the study after mechanics of writing. They found that the result is not surprising because the English notion of tense is something confusing to second language learners. This is because, in Chinese and Bahasa Malaysia, there is no indication of time in their verbs as compared to English that has present, past, future and continuous tenses. Besides that, it can also be assumed that some students are not aware of the different rules of tenses application. (Saadiyah Darus Kaladevi Subramaniam, 2009) Another reason might be because in Chinese and Bahasa Malaysia, words are added before the verb to show the time of the action. (Ting, Mahanita Mahadhir Chang, 2010) Hence, students have problems in constructing sentenc es with correct tenses. Wee (2009) found that Asian students tend to use the stem forms of the verbs in all contexts regardless of their tense. This is because Bahasa Malaysia does not have any linguistic device like verb inflections to show past time. So, the Malay students often use the stem of forms of the verbs in order to simplify the target language rules and reduce their linguistic burden or learning load (Wee, 2009). Warmed muscles are less susceptible to injuries in Bahasa Malaysia would be Otot-otot yang telah panas tidak mudah mengalami kecederaan. The word telah shows the tense of the sentence in Bahasa Malaysia whereas in English, we need to add the suffix -ed to show the past tense of the sentence. Therefore, the subjects will usually omit the tense because they do not know when to add the suffix -ed. Error Correct Form We can prevent injuries if we be in a proper physical condition when playing a sport. We can prevent injuries if we are in a proper physical condition when playing a sport. Frequent training and conditioning can prove useful in a long run. Frequent training and conditioning proven to be useful in a long run. The first way to prevent sport injuries is be in proper physical condition to play a sport. The first way to prevent sport injuries is to be in proper physical condition to play a sport. The athletes should had properly train for the sport. The athletes should be trained properly for the sport. Table 4: Examples of errors on auxiliary Results show that many students have problems in using the appropriate auxiliary in their compositions. They often used the wrong form of modals. For example, the majority of the students wrote We can prevent injuries if we be in a proper physical condition when playing a sport instead of We can prevent injuries if we are in a proper physical condition when playing a sport. This shows that many students did not know the proper use of auxiliary verb. Ali Akbar Khansir (2008) investigated syntactic errors in English committed by Indian undergraduates and he found that errors on auxiliary were the second highest error committed by his subjects. His study revealed that there is a lack of knowledge of auxiliary verb rules among his subjects. Error Correct Form For example, in rugby we must wear a mouth guards to prevent our mouth or teeth from injuries. For example, in rugby we must wear a mouth guard to prevent our mouth or teeth from injuries. A sportsmen can do this by doing regular exercises, eating proper food and doing regular practice. A sportsman can do this by doing regular exercises, eating proper food and doing regular practices. These safety gear such as ball guards, helmets and etc are designed to prevent injuries. These safety gears such as ball guards, helmets and etc are designed to prevent injuries. There are many reason they got injured. There are many reasons they got injured. This is because most of the athlete did not warm up before playing. This is because most of the athletes did not warm up before playing. Table 5: Examples of errors on singular/plurals Ten students made errors on singular and plurals. Most of them do not know when to apply the suffix -s when it is a plural noun. This might be due to the absence of plural marker for a noun in Bahasa Malaysia. (Saadiyah Darus Kaladevi Subramaniam, 2009) Some students might be aware of the existence of singular and plural nouns, but probably they are confused on when they should use singular or plural nouns. For example, There are many reasons they got injured when translated into Bahasa Malaysia will be Terdapat banyak punca mereka cedera. In Bahasa Malaysia, the word banyak indicates many, so banyak punca means many reasons. However, in English, we must apply the suffix -s to show that there are many reasons. Error Correct Form During the year 2009, the highest number of sport injuries was soccer. In the year 2009, the highest number of sport injuries was soccer. For the conclusion, there are many ways to prevent injuries when we are playing sports. In conclusion, there are many ways to prevent injuries when we are playing sports. For example, our countrys famous national football player, Mokhtar Dahari, retired in his football career at such a young age because of his calf injury. For example, our countrys famous national football player, Mokhtar Dahari, retired from his football career at such a young age because of his calf injury. Last but not least, avoid playing when you are in tired or in pain. Last but not least, avoid playing when you are tired or in pain. Sports can be divided to many categories such as indoor sports, outdoor sports and aquatic sports. Sports can be divided into many categories such as indoor sports, outdoor sports and aquatic sports. Table 6: Examples of errors on preposition Error on preposition is the least error made by the students. Only eight out of 22 students made errors on preposition. Error on preposition happens might be because of the interference of students L1 and Bahasa Malaysia. This is because some of the prepositions in Mandarin and Bahasa Malaysia have similar meanings and functions with the prepositions in English. Hence, students might be confused on which preposition to be uses in their writing because sometimes a preposition in Bahasa Malaysia can be translated into different English prepositions. (Saadiyah Darus Khor, 2009) Ting and colleagues (2010) examined university students grammatical errors in spoken English and they found that, their subjects made the most mistakes in preposition and this indicates that the subjects are uncertain of the correct usage of the prepositions in the appropriate settings. The same problem occurs in students writings because the students are uncertain of the correct usage of the prepositions. Summary According to the data collected, 14 students made errors on subject verb agreement, 13 on tenses, 10 on auxiliary, 10 on singular/plural verb and 8 on prepositions. The reasons students made these errors might be due to the influence of their mother tongue or first language. Another reason might be because the subjects are confused with the rules of grammar usage. Every Form four student in the Malaysian education system follows the same English language syllabus provided by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia. The current syllabus has been used since 2003. The syllabus is divided into two sections; the first is Learning Outcomes and Specifications and the second section is Language Content. Under the language content, there is a list of grammatical items that the teacher has to teach in class. They are nouns, articles, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, connectors, sentences and punctuation. So, every grammatical item is covered under the syllabus but the subjects still have problems with the grammar rules. Therefore, students should be made aware of the grammar rules and the teachers should make sure their students know how the grammar rules and apply them in their writings. There are some limitations in this study. First, the students were selected based on their proficiency and not based on ethnicity, so it is not easy to determine whether students mother tongue or first language influence the students command of English. Secondly, students compositions should be marked by more than one marker so that the result will be more reliable. Thirdly, this study was conducted in an urban secondary school where English is used widely in the community. So, the result of the study does not indicate that all students in Malaysia commit the same errors and have the same reasons behind the errors. Thus, this study can be improved by taking these factors into consideration. Conclusion In conclusion, by referring to previous studies and the results of the data collected, most students in Malaysia commit syntactic errors in their written compositions. Hence, teachers play an important role in teaching the students the correct forms of the language. They can incorporate grammar lessons into their English lessons and device interesting games and exercises to teach their students grammar. Many students and teachers acknowledge the fact that grammar lessons are boring and most teachers will try to avoid grammar lessons because the students are not interested in learning them. However, if teachers are able to device interesting lesson plans for their grammar lessons, students will be very interested and will participate actively in class.